Intel Introduction

 Introduction Of Intel :

Intel (integrated and electronics) was founded on July 18, 1968, by semiconductor pioneers Gordon Moore (of Moore's law) and Robert Noyce (1927–1990), and is associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove. Intel was a key component of the rise of Silicon Valley as a high-tech center.

During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. During this period, Intel became the  Domainat supplier of microprocessors for PCs and was known for aggressive and anti-competitive tactics in defense of its market position, particularly against  Advance Micro Device(AMD), as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control over the direction of the PC industry. 

Architectures :

• Intel Clarkdale Architecture 

• Intel Alder Lake-S Architecture

• Intel Tiger Lake Architecture

SRAMs & DRAMs

Intel's first products were Shift Register memory and random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin,  Stanley Mazor and  Masato Shima invented Intel's first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company  Busicom to replace a number of  ASICs in a calculator already produced by Busicom, the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with  Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor)

The First Processor Of Intel :

Intel purchased the rights from Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and launched the 
 processor and its chipset with an advertisement in the November 15, 1971, issue of E
lectronic News: ”Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.”

                General information

• Launched On November 15, 1971; 50 years age

                   Performance

• Max. CPU Clock Rate 740-750 kHz
• Data width 4 bits
• Address width 12 bits (multiplexed)

                    Architecture               

• Application Busicom calculator, arithmetic manipulation

                   Physical specifications

• Transistor 2,300
• Package(s) 16 Pin DIP
• Socket(s) DIP16

The 4004 was the first significant example of large scale integration, showcasing the superiority of the MOS silicon gate technology (SGT). Compared to the incumbent technology, the SGT integrated on the same chip area twice the number of transistors with five times the operating speed. This step-function increase in performance made possible a single-chip CPU, replacing the existing multi-chip CPUs. The innovative 4004 chip design served as a model on how to use the SGT for complex logic and memory circuits, thus accelerating the adoption of the SGT by the world’s semiconductor industry.

The Success Story Of Intel :

Intel, primarily a manufacturer of semi-conductors, was founded in California in 1968 by Robert Noyce, Gordon E. Moore and two others. With an initial investment of $2.5 million, both the founders ,Noyce and Moore, wanted to name the company Moore Noyce, but later settled for Intel, which is an acronym for Integrated Electronics. During its initial phase, Intel’s business was primarily focused on DRAM. However, profits started falling as the competition from Japanese manufacturers intensified. Sensing a prospective market with the success of IBM, the company shifted its focus to microprocessors. The decision was later proved correct as Intel turned out to not only be a phenomenally successful enterprise but also a household name. Following its DRAM success, Intel became a public company in 1971. That same year Intel introduced the erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip, which was the company’s most successful product line until 1985. Also, because DRAMs were cheaper and used less power than core memory, they quickly became the standard memory devices in computers worldwide. Intel’s track record is due in no small part to the performance of its CEO and chief visionary, Andrew Grove. In his new book, Grove reflects on his experiences as the leader of Intel.

Intel’s history of close calls and spectacular successes suggests that there’s much to learn from Grove’s paranoia. At Intel, Grove, now 60, has experienced a series of crises and upheavals and survived. He was the one who took Intel out of the memory chip business and into microprocessors. Just after two years of its establishiment, Intel decided to go public and completed their initial public offering at $23.50 per share, raising $6.8 million. However, its all too easy to forget that Intel’s success wasn’t always so assured. In 1972 it decided to enter the growing digital watch market by purchasing Microma. But Intel had no real understanding of consumers and sold the watchmaking company in 1978 at a loss of $15 million. In 1974 Intel controlled 82.9 percent of the DRAM chip market, but, with the rise of foreign semiconductor companies, the company’s market share dipped to 1.3 percent by 1984. In 1985, the company’s earnings were a mere penny per share and in 1986, Intel lost $173 million. Those two years were marked by layoffs, plant closings, salary cuts, and time off without pay. In fact, Intel is one of the few survivors from the early days of computing. But all losses aside, Intel corporation managed to push through and become one of the most successful companies in microprocessors, in the past two decades.