Showing posts with label Intel. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Intel. Show all posts

Intel Tiger Lake Architecture

 



Tiger Lake is Intel's codename for the 11th generation Intel Core mobile processors based on the new Willow Cove Core microarchitecture, manufactured using Intel's third-generation 10 nm process node known as 10SF ("10 nm SuperFin"). Tiger Lake replaces the Ice Lake family of mobile processors, representing an Optimization step in Intel's process–architecture–optimization model.


Tiger Lake processors launched on September 2, 2020, are part of the Tiger Lake-U family and include dual-core and quad-core 9 W (7–15 W) TDP and 15 W (12–28 W) TDP models. They power 2020 "Project Athena" laptops. The quad-core 96 EU die measures 13.6 × 10.7 mm (146.1 mm2), which is 19.2% wider than the 11.4 × 10.7 mm (122.5 mm2) quad-core 64 EU Ice Lake die. The 8-core 32 EU die used in Tiger Lake-H is around 190 mm2.[8] According to Yehuda Nissan and his team, the architecture is named after a lake across Puget Sound, Washington.[9] Laptops based on Tiger Lake started to sell in October 2020.


The Tiger Lake-H35 processors were launched on January 11, 2021. These quad-core processors are designed for "ultraportable gaming" laptops with 28-35 W TDP. Intel also announced that the Tiger Lake-H processors with 45 W TDP and up to eight cores will become available in Q1 2021. Intel officially launched 11th Gen Intel Core-H series on May 11, 2021[13] and announced 11th Gen Intel Core Tiger Lake Refresh series on May 30, 2021.


Tiger Lake Processors Line-up's 





Features


CPU

Further information: Willow Cove (microarchitecture)

Intel Willow Cove CPU cores

Full memory (RAM) encryption

Indirect branch tracking and CET shadow stack

Intel Key Locker


GPU

Intel Xe-LP ("Gen12") GPU with up to 96 execution units (50% uplift compared to Ice Lake, up from 64) with some yet to be announced processors using Intel's discrete GPU, DG1

Fixed-function hardware decoding for HEVC 12-bit, 4:2:2/4:4:4; VP9 12-bit 4:4:4 and AV1 8K 10-bit 4:2:0

Support for a single 8K 12-bit HDR display or two 4K 10-bit HDR displays

Hardware accelerated Dolby Vision

Sampler Feedback support

Dual Queue Support


IPU

Image Processing Unit, a special co-processor to improve image and video capture quality

Not available on embedded models

Initially there were 1165G7, 1135G7, 1125G4 and 1115G4 models with no IPU but later embedded processors were introduced instead


I/O

PCI Express 4.0 (Pentium and Celeron CPUs are limited to PCI Express 3.0)

Integrated Thunderbolt 4 (includes USB4)

LPDDR4X-4267 memory support

LPDDR5-5400 "architecture capability" (Intel expected Tiger Lake products with LPDDR5 to be available around Q1 2021 but never released them)

Miniaturization of CPU and motherboard into an M.2 SSD-sized small circuit board



Intel Iris Xe Graphics G7 96EUs


Intel Iris Xe G7 96EUs

The Intel Xe Graphics G7 (Tiger-Lake U GPU with 96 EUs) is a integrated graphics card in the high end Tiger-Lake U CPUs (15 - 28 Watt). It is using the new Xe architecture (Gen12) and was introduced in September 2020. The GPU clocks with a base clock speed (guaranteed) of 400 MHz in all CPUs and can boost up to 1340 MHz (i7-1185G7). The slowest variant offers only 1100 MHz boost (i5-1130G7, 12 Watt TDP).


The performance depends on the TDP settings of the laptop and the used cooling. First informations show that the chip can be configured at 12 and 28 Watt TDP default (as the Ice Lake-U chips) and the performance should be around a dedicated GeForce MX350 in 3DMark benchmarks. For gaming we are expecting a bit worse performance due to the missing dedicated graphics memory and driver support. Many games e.g. had problems when testing the various laptops (e.g. Horizon Zero Dawn or Cyberpunk 2077 did not start or were crashing - see list below). Less demanding games like the Mass Effect Legendary Edition ran in medium settings fine. Compared to the older Ice Lake Iris Plus G7 GPU, the new Tiger Lake GPU should be approximately twice as fast. Therefore, the iGPU is still only for lowest graphical settings and low resolutions in demanding games.


The Tiger Lake SoCs and therefore the integrated GPU are manufactured in the modern 10nm+ (10nm SuperFin) process (improved 10nm process) at Intel and therefore should offer a very good efficiency.

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Intel Alder Lake-S Architecture




 12th Gen Intel® Core™ CPUs adapt to the ways you work and play. When gaming, the processor prevents background tasks from interrupting or using your high-performance cores. When working, it provides a smoother system-level experience while using demanding applications.


12Th Generation Processors Line-up's [ Intel Alder Lake-S Architecture ]



Highlighted :


12th Gen CPUs integrate two types of cores into a single die: performance-cores (P-cores) and efficient-cores (E-cores).

Performance-cores :


  • Physically larger high-performance cores designed for raw speed while maintaining efficiency.
  • Optimized for low-latency single-threaded performance and AI workloads.
  • Capable of hyper-threading, or running two software threads at once.
  • Measured at 19% better performance, on average, than 11th Gen Intel® Core™ CPUs across a wide range of workloads at ISO frequency3.


Efficient-cores :


  • Physically smaller, with multiple E-cores fitting into the physical space occupied by one P-core.
  • Optimized for multi-core performance-per-watt—delivering scalable multithread performance and efficient offload of background tasks.
  • Capable of running a single software thread.
  • Capable of 40% more performance when running at the same power as a single Skylake core4.




DDR5 Memory Details :


DDR5 is the next-generation specification for RAM and it comes with a host of improvements in speed and efficiency when compared to DDR4, the current standard.

  • Higher-bandwidth kits thanks to doubled burst length—the number of bits that can be read per cycle.
  • 12th Gen supports speeds up to 4,800MHz for DDR5 and 3,200MHz for DDR4.
  • DDR5 allows capacities of up to 128GB of RAM per module, whereas DDR4 allows only 32GB.
  • DDR5 doubles the number of memory bank groups and improves the speed at which groups can be refreshed.



PCIe 5.0 :


12th Gen Intel® Core™ CPUs are at the forefront of the industry transition to PCIe 5.0. PCIe 5.0 doubles the bandwidth of 4.0, which means your system will be ready for the next generation of SSDs and discrete GPUs.

PCIe is the high-bandwidth expansion bus used to connect graphics cards, SSDs, and other peripherals to your motherboard. Each generation of PCIe doubles in throughput, with PCIe 5.0 providing theoretical maximum data transfer speeds of 32 GT/s.

  • Full backwards compatibility with PCIe 4.0 and 3.0 devices.
  • Double the bandwidth of 4.0 and four times the bandwidth of 3.0.
  • Up to 16 CPU PCIe 5.0 lanes and up to 4 CPU PCIe 4.0 lanes.



Intel UHD Graphics 64EU :


The UHD Graphics 64EU is a mobile integrated graphics solution by Intel, launched on January 4th, 2022. Built on the 10 nm process, and based on the Alder Lake GT1 graphics processor, the device supports DirectX 12. This ensures that all modern games will run on UHD Graphics 64EU. It features 512 shading units, 32 texture mapping units, and 16 ROPs. The GPU is operating at a frequency of 300 MHz, which can be boosted up to 1400 MHz.
Its power draw is rated at 45 W maximum.


General info


Of UHD Graphics 64EU's architecture, market segment and release date.

  • Place in performance rating not rated
  • Architecture Generation 12.2 (2021−2022)
  • GPU code name Alder Lake GT1
  • Market segment Desktop
  • Release date 4 January 2022 (less than a year ago)

Technical specs


  • Pipelines / CUDA cores 512 of 18432 (AD102)
  • Boost clock speed 1400 MHz of 2903 (Radeon Pro W6600)
  • Manufacturing process technology 10 nm of 4 (H100 PCIe)
  • Thermal design power (TDP) 45 Watt of 900 (Tesla S2050)
  • Texture fill rate 44.80 of 939.8 (H100 SXM5)

Memory :


  • Memory type System Shared
  • Maximum RAM amount System Shared of 128 (Radeon Instinct MI250X)
  • Memory bus width System Shared of 8192 (Radeon Instinct MI250X)
  • Memory clock speed System Shared of 21000 (GeForce RTX 3090 Ti)

API support :


DirectX 12 (12_1)
Shader Model 6.4
OpenGL 4.6
OpenCL 3.0
Vulkan 1.3





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Intel Clarkdale Architecture

 Intel Clarkdale Architecture :




Clarkdale is theClarkdale is the codename for Intel's first-generation Core i5, i3 and Pentium dual-core desktop processors. It is closely related to the mobile Arrandale processor; both use dual-core dies based on the 32 nm Westmere microarchitecture and have integrated Graphics, PCI Express and DMI links built-in. codename for Intel's first-generation Core i5, i3 and Pentium dual-core desktop processors. It is closely related to the mobile Arrandale processor; both use dual-core dies based on the 32 nm Westmere microarchitecture and have integrated Graphics, PCI Express and DMI links built-in.



Clarkdale Processors Line-up's 




More Details


Four chipsets (all using the LGA 1156 socket) are compatible with the Clarkdale platform: the H55, H57, Q57, and standard Lynnfield P55-based motherboards. Here’s where it gets interesting. H55, H57, and Q57-based boards are identical in their overall construction, with each offering a new subset of Intel features as you go up the price range. H57-based motherboards can support two additional USB ports, two extra PCI Express x1 lanes, and support for Intel’s RAID-based Rapid Storage Technology. Q57 boards, more for business use, include Intel’s Active Management Technology—remote technical support. You can stick a Clarkdale processor in a P55 motherboard or, vice versa, a Lynnfield processor in an H55, H57, or Q57 motherboard. Either situation forces you to use a discrete graphics card, however.

Graphics Details


As mentioned, integrated gaming performance isn’t for tough titles. While Clarkdale systems might thrive on less demanding titles, the CPU’s integrated graphics weren’t enough to deliver playable frame-rates on PC World’s Unreal Tournament 3 benchmark at anything but a 1024-by-768 resolution screen at medium quality settings or less. And a forewarning: the sixteen PCI Express x16 lanes supported by Clarkdale chips cannot be split into dual x8 lanes for CrossFire or SLI should you aspire to transform your Clarkdale rig into a souped-up gaming machine. Clarkdale intends to make its mark on more common computers… including those in your living room.


















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Intel Introduction





 Introduction Of Intel :



Intel (integrated and electronics) was founded on July 18, 1968, by semiconductor pioneers Gordon Moore (of Moore's law) and Robert Noyce (1927–1990), and is associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove. Intel was a key component of the rise of Silicon Valley as a high-tech center.


During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. During this period, Intel became the  Domainat supplier of microprocessors for PCs and was known for aggressive and anti-competitive tactics in defense of its market position, particularly against  Advance Micro Device(AMD), as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control over the direction of the PC industry. 



Architectures :





SRAMs & DRAMs


Intel's first products were Shift Register memory and random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin,  Stanley Mazor and  Masato Shima invented Intel's first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company  Busicom to replace a number of  ASICs in a calculator already produced by Busicom, the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with  Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor)




The First Processor Of Intel :


Intel purchased the rights from Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and launched the 
 processor and its chipset with an advertisement in the November 15, 1971, issue of E
lectronic News: ”Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.”


                General information



  • Launched On November 15, 1971; 50 years age


                   Performance


  • Max. CPU Clock Rate 740-750 kHz
  • Data width 4 bits
  • Address width 12 bits (multiplexed)


                    Architecture               


  • Application Busicom calculator, arithmetic manipulation


                   Physical specifications


  • Transistor 2,300
  • Package(s) 16 Pin DIP
  • Socket(s) DIP16



The 4004 was the first significant example of large scale integration, showcasing the superiority of the MOS silicon gate technology (SGT). Compared to the incumbent technology, the SGT integrated on the same chip area twice the number of transistors with five times the operating speed. This step-function increase in performance made possible a single-chip CPU, replacing the existing multi-chip CPUs. The innovative 4004 chip design served as a model on how to use the SGT for complex logic and memory circuits, thus accelerating the adoption of the SGT by the world’s semiconductor industry.






The Success Story Of Intel :



Intel, primarily a manufacturer of semi-conductors, was founded in California in 1968 by Robert Noyce, Gordon E. Moore and two others. With an initial investment of $2.5 million, both the founders ,Noyce and Moore, wanted to name the company Moore Noyce, but later settled for Intel, which is an acronym for Integrated Electronics. During its initial phase, Intel’s business was primarily focused on DRAM. However, profits started falling as the competition from Japanese manufacturers intensified. Sensing a prospective market with the success of IBM, the company shifted its focus to microprocessors. The decision was later proved correct as Intel turned out to not only be a phenomenally successful enterprise but also a household name. Following its DRAM success, Intel became a public company in 1971. That same year Intel introduced the erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip, which was the company’s most successful product line until 1985. Also, because DRAMs were cheaper and used less power than core memory, they quickly became the standard memory devices in computers worldwide. Intel’s track record is due in no small part to the performance of its CEO and chief visionary, Andrew Grove. In his new book, Grove reflects on his experiences as the leader of Intel.


Intel’s history of close calls and spectacular successes suggests that there’s much to learn from Grove’s paranoia. At Intel, Grove, now 60, has experienced a series of crises and upheavals and survived. He was the one who took Intel out of the memory chip business and into microprocessors. Just after two years of its establishiment, Intel decided to go public and completed their initial public offering at $23.50 per share, raising $6.8 million. However, its all too easy to forget that Intel’s success wasn’t always so assured. In 1972 it decided to enter the growing digital watch market by purchasing Microma. But Intel had no real understanding of consumers and sold the watchmaking company in 1978 at a loss of $15 million. In 1974 Intel controlled 82.9 percent of the DRAM chip market, but, with the rise of foreign semiconductor companies, the company’s market share dipped to 1.3 percent by 1984. In 1985, the company’s earnings were a mere penny per share and in 1986, Intel lost $173 million. Those two years were marked by layoffs, plant closings, salary cuts, and time off without pay. In fact, Intel is one of the few survivors from the early days of computing. But all losses aside, Intel corporation managed to push through and become one of the most successful companies in microprocessors, in the past two decades.

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